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Self-Attention: The Engine Behind Every Frontier AI Model

Self-attention is the core mechanism powering every frontier AI model. This explainer covers how Q/K/V vectors work, why multi-head attention captures richer patterns, how attention's parallelizability killed RNNs, and why the O(n²) cost creates a real opening for sub-quadratic alternatives. At frontier scale, no pure alternative has matched full attention; the field is converging on hybrid architectures that keep full attention where it matters and use cheaper primitives everywhere else.

How LLM Inference Works (And Why It's So Expensive)

LLM inference is two fundamentally different workloads sharing one GPU: compute-bound prefill and memory-bandwidth-bound decode. The KV cache makes autoregressive generation fast but expensive, and understanding it explains why context length, concurrency, and cost are inextricably linked.

What RLHF Actually Does to a Model

A technical breakdown of the RLHF pipeline and why safety alignment in large language models is far more fragile than it appears. Princeton researchers won an ICLR 2025 Outstanding Paper Award for showing that alignment concentrates in the first few output tokens, and just four gradient steps of fine-tuning can strip it away.

Tokenization: Why Your Prompt Costs What It Costs

Tokenization converts text into integer sequences that LLMs compute over, using Byte Pair Encoding trained on specific corpora. Vocabulary size is a business decision that affects cost and model size. Because tokenizers are trained on English-dominant data, non-English languages produce dramatically more tokens, leading to higher costs and measurably worse model performance, a structural fairness problem baked into the infrastructure.

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Enterprise AI

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AI Models

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AI Development Tools

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AI Research

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Business

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AI Research

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AI Research

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AI Development Tools

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AI Infrastructure

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